Sample

Buse/1

Human rating uses the original dataset scale.

DatasetBuse
Human2.99
Lines10

Scores

MethodScoreScaleDataset rank
(0–100)
Posnett0.3950–1; higher is more readable
59.6Δ 22.2
Dorn0.6850–1; higher is more readable
62.6Δ 25.3
Mi0.7180–1; higher is more readable
84.8Δ 47.5
LLOC3Logical lines; fewer is more readable
88.9Δ 51.5
DeepSeek V4 Pro8.670–20; mean of three runs
9.1Δ 28.3
GPT-6.1 Sol110–20; mean of three runs
7.1Δ 30.3
BTTF0.5770–1; higher is more readable
64.6Δ 27.3
Human2.991–5; original rating
37.4

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Source regions

Feature contributions

Feature contributions

FeatureValueContribution
(log-odds)
Byte entropyHow varied the bytes in the source text are. Repeated bytes give a lower value; a more even mixture gives a higher value.4.573−6.86
Halstead volumeHow much symbolic information the code contains. It combines the total number of operators and values with the number of distinct ones.195.042−6.436
Source linesThe number of non-empty source lines.10+4

Intercept 8.87 + feature contributions = -0.426 (log-odds).
Score = sigmoid(-0.426) = 0.395.

Feature contributions

FeatureValueContribution
(log-odds)
Identifier layout (horizontal)How rapidly the visual pattern of identifier characters changes from left to right. It measures spatial frequency, not the meaning of the names.49.909+1.551
Comment layout (horizontal)How rapidly the visual pattern of comment characters changes from left to right.0−0.804
Indentation frequencyHow rapidly indentation changes from line to line.1−0.703
Comment layout frequencyHow frequently the layout switches between lines containing only comments or whitespace and lines containing code.11+0.647
Number layout frequencyHow rapidly the number of numeric values per line changes through the code.1+0.398
Identifier layout (vertical)How rapidly the visual pattern of identifier characters changes from top to bottom.9.902−0.271
Operator visual areaThe share of the code’s visual area occupied by operators such as +, =, and *.0.108−0.11

Intercept 0.07 + feature contributions = 0.778 (log-odds).
Score = sigmoid(0.778) = 0.685.

Score0.718
Score3
Run 1

The code snippet is short and mostly clear in its purpose, but several structural issues reduce readability. The indentation appears inconsistent, with the first line starting unusually deep. The nested if-switch creates multiple levels of nesting, and the switch is implicitly embedded without clear separation. Variable names like 'ret' and 'breakout' are short and somewhat ambiguous; 'breakout' is declared but never used in the shown snippet, adding confusion. The check `ret instanceof ReturnControl` followed by casting and then switching on `kind` is a common pattern but written in a way that interrupts reading flow. The lack of explicit break statements or default case in the switch also introduces uncertainty. Overall, the snippet is understandable but would benefit from better formatting, clearer naming, and reduced nesting.

Run 2

The code snippet is somewhat readable but has several issues. It begins with a clear variable assignment, but then introduces a boolean 'breakout' that is declared but never used in the visible portion, creating ambiguity. The nesting is moderate: an if statement with a switch inside increases indentation levels. The switch handles control flow, but the logic seems incomplete—only one case is shown, and 'breakout' is irrelevant. Action granularity is acceptable, with one main action per line. However, the reading flow is disrupted by the unused variable and the abrupt end of the snippet. The type casting and switch on 'kind' suggest a control-flow mechanism, but the intent is unclear without more context. Overall, the code is structured but suffers from incomplete logic and unnecessary elements, lowering its readability.

Run 3

The code snippet is short but has several readability issues. It lacks context, making intent unclear. The variable name 'ret' is ambiguous, and 'breakout' is declared but unused in the visible portion. The nested structure includes an if statement containing a switch, adding depth. Inconsistent spacing and formatting (e.g., `if(ret instanceof ReturnControl)` vs `((ReturnControl)ret).kind` and the stray indentation) reduce natural reading flow. Action granularity is acceptable, but the overall structure feels tangled without surrounding method context. The snippet is concise but not clear, and the unused variable suggests incomplete or poorly organized logic.

Run 1

Code Structure: The evaluation followed by return-control handling is logically organized, but the incomplete snippet prevents assessment of the full structure. Nesting: An if containing a switch adds moderate nesting for a small amount of visible logic. Clarity of intent: Return propagation is understandable, though 'ret' is vague and 'breakout' has no visible use. Code length: The visible code is concise, with a potentially unnecessary flag declaration. Action granularity: Each statement performs a single action, making individual operations easy to follow. Reading flow: The sequence is natural, but excessive indentation, inconsistent spacing, and missing closing braces make the fragment harder to read.

Run 2

Code Structure: Evaluation followed by return-control handling is logically organized, but the fragment is incomplete. Nesting: The if and switch introduce moderate nesting, with excessive indentation making the snippet harder to scan. Clarity of intent: Returning a RETURN control object is understandable, but ret, kind, and the unused breakout variable provide limited context. Code length: The shown logic is concise, though breakout adds unexplained clutter. Action granularity: Each statement performs one primary action. Reading flow: The progression from evaluation to type checking to control dispatch is natural, but inconsistent spacing and missing closing braces interrupt readability.

Run 3

Code Structure: Evaluation followed by return-control handling is logically organized, but the snippet is incomplete, with unclosed blocks. Nesting: The if and switch introduce moderate nesting, amplified by excessive initial indentation. Clarity of intent: Propagating a RETURN control object is understandable, but ret is generic and breakout has no visible use. Code length: The visible code is concise, though the switch adds complexity for the single shown case. Action granularity: Each statement performs one action, making individual operations easy to follow. Reading flow: Execution proceeds naturally from evaluation to control handling, but inconsistent spacing, heavy indentation, and the abrupt ending hinder readability.